Niels Bohr Institute

The Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen is one of the most historically-significant physics research sites in the world. Throughout the early twentieth century, it was home to some of the most intensive thinking related to the development of quantum mechanics, which result in a revolutionary rethinking of how we understood the physical structure of matter and energy. Founding of the Institute In 1913, Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr developed his now-classic model of the atom. He was a graduate of Copenhagen University and became a professor there in 1916, when he pretty much instantly began lobbying to create a physics research institute at the University. In 1921, he was granted his wish, as the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen was founded with him as the director. It was often referenced with the short-hand name Copenhagen Institute, and youll still find it referenced as such in many books on physics today. The funding to create the Institute for Theoretical Physics largely came from the Carlsberg foundation, which is the charitable organization affiliated with the Carlsberg brewery. Over the course of Bohrs lifetime, the Carlsberg forked out well over a hundred grants to him in his lifetime (according to NobelPrize.org). Beginning in 1924, the Rockefeller Foundation also became a major contributor to the Institute. Developing Quantum Mechanics Bohrs model of the atom was one of the key components of conceptualizing the physical structure of matter within quantum mechanics, and so his Institute for Theoretical Physics became a gathering point for many of the physicists thinking most deeply about these evolving concepts. Bohr went out of his way to cultivate this, creating an international environment in which all researchers would feel welcomed to come to the Institute to assist in their research there. The major claim to fame of the Institute for Theoretical Physics was the work there in developing an understanding of how to interpret the mathematical relationships that were being demonstrated by the work in quantum mechanics. The main interpretation that came out of this work was so closely tied to Bohrs Institute that it became known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, even well after it had become the default interpretation the world over. There have been a number of occasions where people directly affiliated with the Institute received Nobel Prizes, most notably: 1922 - Niels Bohr for his atomic model1943 - George de Hevesy for work in nuclear medicine1975 - Aage Bohr and Ben Mottelson for work in describing the structure of the atomic nucleus   At first glance, this might not seem particularly impressive for an institute that was at the center of understanding quantum mechanics. However, a number of other physicists from other institutes throughout the world built their research on the work from the Institute and then went on to receive Nobel Prizes of their own. Renaming the Institute The Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen was officially renamed with the less-cumbersome name Niels Bohr Institute on October 7, 1965, the 80th anniversary of Niels Bohrs birth. Bohr himself had died in 1962. Merging the Institutes The University of Copenhagen of course taught more than quantum physics, and as a result had a number of physics-related institutes associated with the University. On January 1, 1993, the Niels Bohr Institute joined together with the Astronomical Observatory, the Orsted Laboratory, and The Geophysical Institute at the University of Copenhagen to form one large research institute across all of these diverse areas of physics research. The resulting organization retained the name Niels Bohr Institute. In 2005, the Niels Bohr Institute added the Dark Cosmology Centre (sometimes called DARK), which focuses on research into dark energy and dark matter, as well as other areas of astrophysics and cosmology. Honoring the Institute On December 3, 2013, the Niels Bohr Institute was recognized by being designated an official scientific historical site by the European Physical Society. As part of the award, they placed a plaque on the building with the following inscription: This is where the foundation of atomic physics and modern physics were created in a creative scientific environment inspired by Niels Bohr in the 1920s and 30s.

What Is an Extensive Property

The two types of physical properties of matter are intensive properties and extensive properties. Extensive Property Definition An extensive property is a property of matter that changes as the amount of matter changes. Like other physical properties, an extensive property may be observed and measured without any chemical change (reaction) occurring. Extensive Property Examples Mass and volume are extensive properties. As more matter is added to a system, both mass and volume changes. Extensive Versus Intensive Properties In contrast to extensive properties, intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter in a sample. They are the same whether youre looking at a large amount of material or tiny quantity. An example of an intensive property is electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of a wire depends on its composition, not the length of the wire. Density and solubility are two other examples of intensive properties.

Essay on The Contradictions in Aristotles Nicomachean...

When I think about what makes me happiest in life, I put my family and friends at the top of the list. I know that there is no way I would be who I am today without them. My family loves me and has taught me most of what I know about how to live. Friends have taught me so much more about myself than I could ever have imagined; how to laugh at myself, how to love myself, how to learn from my mistakes, etc. All these people in my life have given me so much and I have in return offered what I have to give. Secondly, I would probably put my knowledge. It is what I need to be able to understand how the world works today and voice my opinion in the community; to benefit myself and teach others. Next on my list, I would put art.†¦show more content†¦To begin with, voluntary actions are those of which the moving principle is in the agent himself, he being aware of the particular circumstances of the action.p.967 23-24 Choice is also voluntary or in our own power and is that desired after deliberation. An example of this is action of friendship. Friendship is a reciprocated goodwill. In other words, friends must mutually recognize bearing goodwill and wishing well to one another, otherwise one would never know how the other felt and it would not be friendship. Aristotle goes on to state the desire of a virtuous friend for a virtuous man by explaining that life is the act of perceiving or thinking and it is good for the virtuous man because it is of the nature of the good. And if life is good and pleasant and he who perceives, perceives that he exists (because perceiving is existing) and this is pleasant and if the virtuous man is to his friend as he is to himself: if all of this is true,..He needs, therefore, to be conscious of the existence of his friend as well. p.1090 10-12 This is saying that a virtuous man needs friends because he himself is his own friend and a part of being your own friend is the act of perceiving your own existence. For the man who does not perceive, he says such a life is intermediate, as are its attributes. Therefore, if we do not participate in the action of friendship, we are not be able to perceive ourselves, and if we could not perceive ourselves, we would notShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle On Friendship1480 Words   |  6 PagesIn work his work The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle addresses the question: what is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that the generally accepted notion of the human good is happiness or, alternatively put, eudaimonia. The difficulty surrounding the age old question, and the topic that Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics primarily addresses, is not what we call the human good, but rather how happiness is defined and what contributes to a good, eudaimonic, flourishing life. Aristotle writes that happinessRead MoreAristotle, The Man Of Thinking1025 Words   |  5 Pageslifespan. Aristotle’s place of death was in Chalcis. His full name is Aristotle Stagiritis son of Nicomachus. He had a wife by the name of Hermias and a son with the name of Pythias. Aristotle is known well for teaching the world renowned man, referred to today as Alexander the Great. At the age of 18, he enrolled in the school taught by a man called Plato. The institute was known as the Platonic Academy, he studied there for nearly 20 years. This institute is where it all begin. Aristotle’s fatherRead MoreAristotle and Plato: Death Action and Justice1284 Words   |  5 Pagesprovided for this discussion, we find that Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics and Platos The Trial and Death of Socrates are at once contradictory and compatible. First, a discussion on their contradictions is appropriate. Perhaps what is most compelling in the distinction between the two statements in question is their differing perspectives on the level of dynamism which a man must show in the face of decision or crisis. Particularly, we find that Aristotles comments suggest a man should be judgedRead MoreVirtue and Happiness Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfinally I am going to give an account of the apparent contradiction in Book X which is a praise of the life of study. Before describing the close relationship between the good and virtue, we have to define these terms. Virtue has a broader sense than the contemporary understanding we have of it, in the Nicomachean Ethics virtue simply means excellence. Aristotle defines a good by noticing that every action seeks some good. In the Nicomechean Ethics good and end are interchangeable and both mean goalRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On Moral Virtue1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the idea of moral virtue. Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing moral virtue as the way to achieve what is finally more important, human flourishing (eudaimonia). Aristotle makes the argument in Book II that moral virtue arises from habit—equating ethical character to a skill that is acquired through practice, such as learning a musical instrument. However in Book III, Aristotle argues that a person s moral virtue is voluntaryRead MoreComparing Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics 2500 Words   |  10 Pages According to Aristotle, friendship shares the same qualities of a proper self-love. In Aristotle’s†Nicomachean Ethics† (book 9), he asks us, if there is such a thing as friendship with oneself. He states that people who are good friends to others tend to be comfortable with themselves, therefore, they do not mind being alone because they have a clear conscience. However, Aristotle also says, that people who are not comfortableRead More Comparing Plato and Aristotle Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pagesand the just person. Aristotle was born in 384 BC, in ancient Stagira in Greek Macedonian. Macedonian is located in northern part of Greece and was not considered to be a true part of Greece by the southern Greeks of Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Aristotles father was a physician to the royal court, which allowed him to go up in the upper class. When he was 17, he went to Athens to study at Platos Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato died, AristotleRead MorePlato s The Nicomachean Ethics2113 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle presents the reader with a guide to living a good life. He claims the â€Å"highest good† is happiness, and the way to obtain it is through the use of reason. In order to better comprehend Aristotle’s ideas regarding happiness, we will explain his conception of eudaimonia and excellence through rational activity. Then, we will examine this concept of rational activity in relation to the aristotelian concept of self-sufficiency. At the end of the Nicomachean Ethics, AristotleRead MoreEssay on Aristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean2044 Words   |  9 PagesAristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean and the Problem of Self-Control Introduction Aristotle’s Nicomahean Ethics is a rich text of ancient wisdom, much of which has become ingrained into today’s rhetoric in many schools of thought in the western world. It is with Aristotle’s views on Virtue that this paper is primarily concerned, more specifically with his idea that to have virtue is to display attitudes and actions to a moderate and intermediate degree. Stan Van Hooft (2008) notes that, althoughRead MoreThe Death Penalty On The Criminal Justice System1491 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses the issue of justice in Nicomachean Ethics. One from of justice that he introduces is justice before the law, the type of justice that can equalize what has been taken. Aristotle focuses on the city as a community that both the offender and the victim live in. To rectify what has been taken, the victim must be restored. The way to do this is to take from the offender and give to the victim. This sort of corrective or rectificatory justice is known as ‘Ar istotle’s standard interpretation’ (Brickhouse

The Assessment Data Of The Miles College Self Study

1.1.a What did the evidence reveal about the unit continuing to meet this standard? The assessment data included in the Miles College self-study states that candidates preparing to work in schools, know and demonstrate content knowledge, pedagogical skills and professional dispositions needed to be facilitators of learning for all students in P-12 schools (IR, p. 3). . The Professional Education Unit at Miles College prepares candidates, at the initial level, in ten Alabama State Department of Education approved program of study areas. The unit programs of study are: Biology Education, Chemistry/Chemistry Education, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, English Language Arts Education, General Science Education, History/Social Science Education, Mathematics/Mathematics Education, Music/Music Education (Choral), and Music/Music Education (Instrumental). Nine of the ten programs of studies that are approved as Class B programs by the Alabama State Board of Education through May 31, 2017 (Exhibits 1.3.a.1, 2.3.b.1a-c, 5.3.e.9, and 6.3.a.3). There was no documentation provided to verify the current approval status of the Music/Music Education (Choral) program LOOK ON AIMS. All ten programs matriculate to a baccalaureate degree. There is documentation for Elementary and Mathematics/Mathematics Education program that indicates that they met all of the Alabama State Standards (Exhibit 1.3.a.2). There was no documentation for the other 8 programs related to meetingShow MoreRelatedThe Professional Education Unit ( Peu )893 Words   |  4 Pages(PEU) at Miles College prepares candidates, at the initial level, in ten Alabama State Department of Education approved program of study areas. The unit programs of study are: Biology Education, Chemistry/Chemistry Education, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, English Language Arts Ed ucation, General Science Education, History/Social Science Education, Mathematics/Mathematics Education, Music/Music Education (Choral), and Music/Music Education (Instrumental). The assessment data includedRead MoreEssay On University Life Study1115 Words   |  5 PagesOver a consecutive 3 and a half years, a web-based study referred to as the University Life Study was conducted among a group of students enrolled at a large university. They had to complete a web-based questionnaire and a 2-week daily diary each semester. A maximum of $80 was awarded to each student based off the pre-incentive and completion ($5 pre-incentive,$25 for completing the initial survey, $3 for each daily survey, and an $8 bonus for completing all surveys). 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These differencesRead MorePsychosocial Variables Depression4149 Words   |  17 PagesWOMEN Research Critique Psychosocial Variables of Obese Women Wendy Cockron Group 2 Nurse Researchers: Miles, J., Nweke, K, Thompson, J., Williams, R. Zober, A. The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N3321 Nursing Research Denise Cauble PhD (c), RN, CWOCN April 26, 2014 â€Å"Research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge† (Burns amp; Grove, 2011, p.Read MoreA Critique of F. Demies Achievement of Black Caribbean Pupils: Good Practice in Lambeth Schools2867 Words   |  12 Pagespupils: good practice in Lambeth schools. British Educational Research Journal 31(4), 481-508. A Critique. This paper is a critique of F Demie’s ‘Achievement of Black Caribbean pupils: good practice in Lambeth schools’, which is an interpretive study by Feyisa Demie Jan McKenley, Chris Power, and Louise Ishani. The LEA provided the funding for this research project. The aim of the research according to Demie was to â€Å"Identify a number of significant common themes for success in raising the achievementRead MorePrison Education Essay4573 Words   |  19 PagesTahoe Community College One College Drive South Lake Tahoe, California 96150 USA Faculty Advisor: Daryl G. Frazetti Abstract Given the number of inmates in the prison system and the high level of recidivism, it is important to seek out possible solutions to this growing problem. By implementing more educationally and vocationally oriented programs it is possible that current recidivism rates can be reduced, thereby offering some relief for existing overcrowding conditions. 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Study of the Support avaliable for women with myasthenia in pregnancy Free Essays

Introduction The myasthenia nurse specialist can play a vital role in supporting patients with myasthenia who wish to conceive, who are pregnant and who have had babies. Within the specialist role supporting patients and their families is already a high priority, be this supporting patient choices, information giving, psychological support and facilitating patient pathways. The clinical nurse specialist role encompasses transforming practice to support and improve patient care and nursing practice, through education, research, audit, clinical leadership and using evidence–based care (Mayo et al, 2010 and Muller et al, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Study of the Support avaliable for women with myasthenia in pregnancy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The clinical nurse specialist may be the link/key point of access for patients within a service, co-ordinating care and management of patients through complex pathways and providing information and support to ensure informed decision making. The level or type of support may change when the patient with myasthenia decides to have a baby. This support may involve helping make the right choices regarding timing the pregnancy, medications and expectations during and after pregnancy. Most of the support given will be information and practical advice and during pregnancy the specialist nurse can liaise with the obstetric team to provide them with any information they may require. The specialist nurse can also act as the link between the maternity and neurological services to provide a safety net for patients who are experiencing problems with their myasthenia. Several reports into pregnancy in patients with myasthenia suggest that there is an increased chance of relapse of symptoms in the first trimester and in the month after delivery, (Briemberg, 2007, Ciafoloni Massey 2004, Batocchi et al 1999). The recommendations from the above authors are that patients with myasthenia have a collaborative approach to their obstetric care. The myasthenia nurse is in a good position to ensure that appointments can be made if medication adjustments or assessment of the myasthenia is needed as the pregnancy progresses. The specialist nurses can provide Pre-conception support. Myasthenia gravis affects women mainly during the childbearing years therefore it is important to discuss family planning early; especially when starting on immunosuppression/disease modifying treatments, (Ciafaloni Massey 2004 and Williams Sax Rosenbaum 2006). Women may express concerns about the impact that these medications may have on the development of their baby. Williams Sax Rosenbaum (2006) go on to suggest that patients should be advised not to plan pregnancy within a year or two of diagnosis as the risks of relapse increase if the disease is not stable. This view is also supported by Ciafaloni Massey (2004) who suggest that maximising stability should be the main goal before planning pregnancy. The role that the specialist nurse has is vital therefore in monitoring the symptoms and overall stability of the myasthenia through regular contacts and when the patient is planning pregnancy discussions can be centred around the implications of treatment on the pregnancy. Women and their partners often ask about the impact that pregnancy may have on the myasthenia, especially if there was a problem during/following a previous pregnancy. There is evidence to suggest that subsequent pregnancies may have differing patterns of relapse, where one may be rocky another may be uneventful, (Briemberg, 2007, Batocchi et al 1999), this then emphasises the need for close, collaboration between the neurology and obstetric teams. Barber (2008) supports the above view as close monitoring during pregnancy may prevent complications and may identify and manage problems early, while Thierry (2006) emphasises the importance of preconception advice to determine what support systems need to be considere d for post delivery and supports the view that a collaborative approach to pregnancy management can support better patient outcomes. Antenatal support: Once a patient is pregnant, the nurse can help co-ordinate care by linking the neurology and obstetric teams, providing information about MG and medications. The nurse can provide support to manage the symptoms of fatigue (pregnancy related); and any problems that may arise during the later months. This may involve bringing the patient to clinic to monitor medications, as doses may need to be altered due to the pregnancy related renal clearance, expanded plasma volume and the changes in medication absorption; this is supported by Stafford Dildy, (2005) who suggest that monitoring should also include signs of increasing weakness or the potential for a myasthenic crisis. The specialist nurse can link with the midwife and get the health visitor involved early, as this may be beneficial as there is potential for relapse in the first few weeks/month post partum, at a time when sleep deprivation and hormonal fluctuations may make the myasthenia worse. Regular follow up – either telephonically or in the nurse led clinic may help to detect the potential for relapse post partum. The nurse is also able to consider referral to the obstetric physiotherapist for the assessment and support for changing mobility needs as the pregnancy progresses. The myasthenia nurse may be able to provide advice on practical things that may help with their baby; such as baby slings for women who have upper limb weakness. The challenges faced by new parents such as sleep deprivation, hormonal changes and dealing with a small infant can be magnified in patients with myasthenia. If a new mother and her partner are not given sufficient support there is a 10-15 % risk of post natal depression in patients without a chronic condition (Horowitz Goodman, 2005 and Lumley, 2005) and this has a huge impact on the family unit. Therefore it is well recognised that early support for the couple through ante natal classes and access to health visitors who have been trained in mental health issues, decreases the chances of post natal depression developing or may promote early recognition of symptoms (Brugha et al, 2000, Misri et al, 2000). The Royal College of Nursing produced some guidelines on Pregnancy and Disability (RCN, 2007) for midwives and nurses, which encourage care providers to be aware of the potential for post natal depression in patients with disabilities. These guidelines provide useful information for nurses and midwives who are caring for long term conditions. Post natal support: The myasthenia nurse may help by being available at short notice for advice if in the immediate post partum period, the patient develops worsening of her myasthenia. This may involve liaising with the neurologist if the patient runs into trouble; bringing them to clinic early and facilitating appropriate admissions. Another aspect of support would be liaising with the health visitors with regards to issues around fatigue, breastfeeding (medication), monitoring for signs of post natal depression. It is important to ensure support for mums who are not able to breast feed due to weakness in their arms, making sure they are not stigmatised for not breast feeding. If a woman’s initial presentation of myasthenia occurs after delivery the support needed increases, as not only does the woman have to deal with the myasthenia weakness, but also a small baby and an anxious partner. The information needs at this time need to be balanced with the need to ensure that the patient is able to bond with her baby and not get over exhausted. Over time the support will be tailored according to the needs of the woman and her partner. This may involve follow up in nurse led clinics, out reach and telephone support. It is important to acknowledge the physical and emotional impact that being diagnosed with a long term condition has on a new mum and that all partners in the provision of care need to be balanced to ensure maximum support when needed. Myasthenia nurse specialist network: Provision of telephone support to a specified region and then support for patients within their designated NHS Trusts Glasgow: Scotland Oxford: Midlands Southampton: South West England Liverpool: North England and North Wales and Northern Ireland London: South East England Dublin: Ireland Resources available for women and their partners: www.mga-charity.org: Most patients with myasthenia will be aware of the support available through the website, the MGA Branch network and the Regional Organisers. www.nctpregnancyandbabycare.info: Information and support network for antenatal patients, post natal with classes and courses. www.thebabycafe.org: breast feeding support www.netmums.com: support for mums – play groups to healthy eating www.askbaby.com: advice and support for pregnancy and post natal period www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk: information about breastfeeding, medications in breastfeeding and support www.busylittleones.co.uk: for baby and toddler activities and resources for parents/grandparents www.mumsmeetup.com: networking and support for new mums both on and off line www.goreal.org.uk: information about use of real nappies and service provision across the UK. www.childcarelink.gov.uk: directs to local child information service for childcare provisions in local area www.ncma.org.uk: national childminding association helps find registered, Ofsted inspected childminders www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk: national council for one parent families www.pat.org.uk: professional association of nursery nurses – employing a nanny www.surestart.gov.uk: sure start children’s centres and the services they provide to parents www.gingerbread.org.uk: local support groups for lone parents www.lone-parents.org.uk: supporting single parents to return to work A literature search was carried out using Medline, Cinahl and embase using the following search terms: support in pregnancy, pregnancy and long term conditions, nurse role in support, pregnancy and disabilities, postnatal depression, postpartum depression, myasthenia and pregnancy. References: Barber, G., 2008. Supporting pregnant women with disabilities. Practice Nursing, 19, 7, pp. 330 – 334. Batocchi, A.P., Majolini, L., Evoli, A., Lino, M.M., Minisci, C., Tonali, P., 1999. Course and Treatment of myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. Neurology, 52, 3, pp. 447- 452. Briemberg, H. 2007. Neuromuscular diseases in pregnancy. Seminars in Neurology,Nov 27,5, pp. 460 – 466. Brugha, T.S., Wheatly, S., Taub, N.A., et al. 2000. Pragmatic randomised trial of antenatal intervention to prevent postnatal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors. Psychological Medicine, 30, pp. 1273 – 1281. Ciafaloni, E., Massey, J.M., 2004. The Management of myasthenia gravis in pregnancy. Seminars in Neurology, 24, pp. 95 – 100. Horowitz, J.A., Goodman, J.H., 2005. Identifying and treating postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynaecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 34, pp. 264 – 273. Jani-Acsadi, A., Lisak, R.P., 2010. Myasthenia Gravis. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 12, pp. 231 – 243. Lumley, J., 2005. Attempts to prevent postnatal depression. British Medical Journal, 331, pp. 5 – 6. Mayo, A.M., Agocs-Scott, L.M., Khaghani, F., Moti, N., Voorhees, M., Gravell, C., Cuenca, E., 2010. Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice Patterns. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(2), pp. 60-68. Misri, S., Kostaras, X., Fox, D., et al. 2000. The impact of partner support in the treatment of postpartum depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, pp. 554 – 558. Muller, A.C., Hujcs, M., Dubendorf, P., Harrington, P.T., 2010. Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice and Magnet Designation. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 24(5), pp. 252-259. Pregnancy and Disability; RCN guidance for midwives and nurses. 2007. Royal College of Nurses: London. Roth, T.C., Raths, J., Carboni, G., Rosler, K., Schmid, R.A., 2006. Effect of pregnancy and birth on the course of myasthenia gravis before or after transsternal radial thymectomy. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 29, pp. 231 – 235. Stafford, I.P., Dildy, G.A., 2005. Myasthenia Gravis and Pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48,1, pp. 48 – 56 Thierry, J.M., 2006. The Importance of Preconception Care for Women with Disabilities. Maternal Child Health Journal, 10, pp. S175 -176. Williams Sax, T., Rosenbaum, R.B., 2006. Neuromuscular disorders in Pregnancy. Muscle Nerve, 34, 5, pp. 559 – 571. How to cite Study of the Support avaliable for women with myasthenia in pregnancy, Essay examples

Board Members Travel Policy for Magna International- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBoard Members Travel Policy for Magna International. Answer: This travel policy clarifies the established guidelines and procedures fortravelers who incur business travels and the allowable expenses on behalf of the company. Thispolicy concerns an international business tour of seven board of directors to the United States in 24 days. The reservations of the trip will be made through the Travel and Transport by the Magna International travel agent who is responsible for travel bookings at the company. Board members ought to comply with this travel policy if in any case reimbursement has to be done. Magna International project managers and supervisors have the responsibility of approving this policy and have the obligation of authorizing the travel and reviewing the expense invoices for compliance. Generic policies and guidelines for submission Every traveling individual is expected to fill the travel policy within 30 of the conclusion of the travel and submit it to the accounting department. The accounting department is responsible for approving the travel expenses for the travelers. Receipts are needed for all costs for the site visitors. While travelers ought to travel in economy class service unless otherwise, they are free to redeem their frequent flyer miles to upgrade to first class at their convenience(Kragita, 2016). However, it is illegal to travel on a flight that has a higher fare in the zeal to receive more frequent flyer. Every traveler will be entitled to a daily expenditure of $200 which is inclusive of breakfast, lunch, dinner. Food and beverage policy Snacks and beverages will not be reimbursed. Board members will be reimbursed for personal meals according to the actual cost of the meals. Air travel policies All air travels must lie under the economy class of service unless stated otherwise by the transport and travel manager. The board members are required to use the most economical and lowest logical air force available(Kauppi, 2015).Travelers will only be required to use the Business class only when the Economy class is completely sold out and in cases where there are no alternative flights that are available. Long haul flights are encouraged. Board members will be required to use the lowest nonstop airfares that are available at the time of flight unless advised otherwise by the travel and Transport counselor. Timely booking is encouraged to allow time for ticket billing into the accounts. Hotel policies Unless stated otherwise, a standard non-smoking room is automatically reserved for the travelers. The board members are advised to use negotiated or preferred rates whenever possible. For reasonable and actual hotel room costs, board members will be reimbursed. Depending on services required and received, hotel tips are reimbursable, however, confined to reasonable limits. Car rental policies Board members should opt for renting cars when driving is more cost and time effective as opposed to airline travel. The board members should rent vehicles in the category compact, midsize/intermediates. Before picking any rental car, the board members should inspect it and report any damage before accepting it. Board members should not accept a car until they prove that there are no damages and that the vehicle is in good working condition (Mazuu, 2016) and(Gustafson, 2014). They should also check whether the rental car agent has last-minute specials, promotional rates or free upgrades. Board members should give much priority to cars from agents who have offers or free updates. Other policy: Use of hotel telephone Board members will get a reimbursement of any Magna International related calls madefrom their hotel accommodation. Board members must avoid making calls that will have an added surcharge. Board members should find out both the local and the long distance rates. Information regarding added taxes to phone calls can be found in the hotel information that is usually located in the room(Richardson, 2015). To prevent additional charges on telephone calls, board members should, Use 1-700 for business calls where possible Use phone from local company offices where possible Use a cell phone, calling card or public phone where possible Distribution statement The accounting department has the responsibility of ensuring that the policies available to all the travelers, newly acquired employees, travel arrangers; account payable staff, andany other relevant persons. Travel arrangers will hold meetings with travelers before the actual traveling to ensure that the travelers are equipped with adequate knowledge on the use of the policy(Houston, 2016). Contact details will be given for further inquiries to enable the travelers to have enough understanding of the policy. Travelers must attend the planned training services to ensure that they are conversant with the travel policy. Not attending training meetings will be considered a breach of this policy. References Gustafson, P. (2014). Business travel from the travellers perspective. Stress, stimulation and normalization. Mobilities , 67 (4), 57-67. Houston, D. (2016). Fare's fair? Concessionary travel policy and social justice. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice , 34 (17), 54-60. Kauppi, K. (2015). Ensuring corporate travel compliance e Control vs. commitment strategies. Corporate Policy , 6 (34), 45-50. Kragita, S. (2016). Evaluating Business People on matrix. The Preference Experiment for Intercity Long Distance Coach Travel , 50 (7), 56-70. Mazuu, S. (2016). Getting Business People on the Coach. A Stated Preference Experiment for Intercity Long Distance Coach Travel , 45 (3), 47-55. Richardson, E. (2015). Zika Travel Policies May Reduce Women's Leadership in Global Health. Global Health: Science and Practice , 7 (45), 34-40.

Comunication free essay sample

April 2013 BCom Accounting 1st year Group members: * Guguletho Thwala 201305575 * Tsakani Siweya 201300869 * Chelsea Okesokun 201304976 * Sibusiso Mngomezulu 201306272 * Genilsa Angelica 2009075 * Fortunate Molawa 201303699 INDEX Page no: 1. Introduction (Angelica) 2. Body 3. 1. Land (Sibusiso) 3. 2. Labour (Chelsea) 3. 3. Capital (Tsakani) 3. 4. Entrepreneurs (Fortunate) 3. Conclusion (Gugulethu) 4. Glossary of terms 5. ARTICLE 1 6. ARTICLE 2 7. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Definition of Factors of Production An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, Labour, capital and entrepreneurship. This assignment aims to discuss the different factors of production used by a specific company by giving a practical example of each. Explaining Factors of Production In essence, land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship encompass all of the inputs needed to produce a good or service. Land represents all natural resources, such as timber and gold, used in the production of a good. Labour is all of the work that labourers and workers perform at all levels of an organization, except for the entrepreneur. We will write a custom essay sample on Comunication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The capital is all of the tools and machinery used to produce a good or service. The entrepreneur is the individual who takes an idea and attempts to make an economic profit from it by combining all other factors of production. The entrepreneur also takes on all of the risks and rewards of the business. On this research we will be focussing at Albany Bakeries in South Africa, how the firm as made and still use of these factors of production over the years. Albany Bakeries is an South African bakery and subsidiary of Tiger Brands, which markets food products such as cooking oils, sauces, bread, candy, ice cream, mustard and ready meals. 1 LAND /Natural resources (Sometimes called land) : its reward its Rent Land consists of all the gifts of nature. They include minerals deposits, water, arable land, vegetation, natural forestry etc†¦ but once they are used up, they can never be replaced. The availability cannot be increased if we want more of them. But it is however sometimes possible to exploit more of the available resources. For example, new mineral deposits are still being discovered and exploited every year. Every business uses some physical space, though for example, a bank or small home-based business uses much less land than an agricultural business growing sugar. The word â€Å"rent† is used to describe the earnings from land as a factor of production. Land and natural resources are in limited supply. Albany Bakeries need space to work and some bakeries grow their own wheat and produce their own bread. Albany Bakeries consist of a chain of 13 regional production sites that supply supermarkets across South Africa with bread and other baked goods such as rolls, buns and baps (they need land to own or rent out) and they need farms to harvest the wheat and produce flour or they can buy it (all part of natural resources). LABOUR CAPITAL ENTREPRENEUR Entrepreneurs are those individuals who discover market needs and launch new firms to meet those needs. Entrepreneurship has to do with creating and building something of value from practically nothing in the midst of uncertainty and risk, and having determination to succeed against all odds. Entrepreneurship plays a role in helping both developed and developing countries to grow. Albany breads are the most popular bread in South Africa owned by the Tiger group, which uses a BEE strategy and is owned by black partners and the Brimstone Investment Corporation. It also aims to sell a 10% stake in the company (which is worth about R2,8 billion) to black participants. Albany’ s major competitors are Sasko and Blue ribbon 2 3 CONCLUSION In Albany bakery the four factors of production plays an important role in the production of goods and services, Sometime one can play a role with all four factors of production and rewarded accordingly as quotes illustrate * â€Å" The company pays me rent for using two rooms in my house as office space† Land * â€Å"As manager I get my monthly salary from the company Labour * â€Å"I get interest from company as I gave them loan when they started the company† Capital â€Å"As shareholder in the company I must make sure that profits are made so that I can be happy at the end of the year† Entrepreneurship Based on the information that has been discussed above about the four factors of production in Albany bakery, today it offers the most comprehensive range of breads in South Africa. The is a range for every family, and something for every individual’s tastes, and Albany invites e veryone including you to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦FEEL THE FRESHNESS!!!! 4 Glossary of terms Routing- delivery according to scheduled sequence Bibliography 1. Entrepreneurship A South African Perspective, 2nd edition(2004) by Gideon Niema amp; Cecile Nieuwenhuizen 2. Introduction to business management Fresh perspectives, Stephne Botha and Sandra Musengi, 1st published 2012 3. www. alpacocatequip. co. za/Bakery-equipment 4. The Baker volume 14 number 5, Bread production – what goes on behind the scenes 5. Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary, 6th edition 6. Website: Albany Bakeries